Energy Return (에너지 리턴) 은 러닝화 미드솔이 착지 시 압축으로 저장한 탄성 에너지의 반환 비율 (%). Resilience 와 동의어. 표준 측정 = ASTM F1976 (drop rebound test) / ASTM D2632 (ball rebound). Hysteresis Loss = 100% − Energy Return — 열·소리로 손실되는 부분. 폼별 수치 — PEBA (Nike ZoomX · Adidas Lightstrike Pro · Saucony PWRRUN PB) 80 – 89%, TPU (Adidas Boost) 70 – 76%, EVA 60 – 66%. 슈퍼슈즈 metabolic 절감의 물리 기반 — 단 energy return % 와 running economy 개선이 1 : 1 비례하지 않음 (rocker geometry + carbon plate 상호작용 필수). Fresh vs 800 km 사용 후 열화 존재 — 특히 EVA 계열. Nike Vaporfly 4% 는 PEBA (ZoomX) 에너지 리턴 + carbon plate + rocker 3 요소 시너지로 4 – 6% metabolic saving.
“Pebax (PEBA - polyether block amide) is characterized by low hysteresis energy return, making it uniquely suitable for performance applications.”
— SPARK FoamTech
PEBA 는 저 hysteresis · 빠른 elastic recovery 로 슈퍼슈즈의 물리 기반. Nike ZoomX (2017 Vaporfly 4%) 이후 거의 모든 브랜드 racing 신발이 PEBA 채택.
ASTM International. F1976 — Standard Test Method for Impact Attenuation of Athletic Shoe Cushioning Systems and Materials. astm.org — 표준 측정
ASTM International. D2632 — Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Resilience by Vertical Rebound. astm.org
Hoogkamer et al. (2018). A Comparison of the Energetic Cost of Running in Marathon Racing Shoes. Sports Medicine — Vaporfly 4% 검증
Barnes & Kilding (2019). A Randomized Crossover Study Investigating the Running Economy of Highly-Trained Male and Female Distance Runners in Marathon Racing Shoes. Sports Medicine
SPARK FoamTech. Pebax Arkema — A material that turns chemistry into the language of feel. sparkfoamtech.com — PEBA 물성
RunRepeat. Energy return in running shoes explained. runrepeat.com/guides/energy-return-in-running-shoes — 폼별 수치
RunRepeat. The ultimate guide to running shoe foams. runrepeat.com/guides/running-shoe-foams-guide
Marathon Handbook. New Study Shows The Performance Difference Between Fresh And Well-Used Midsoles. marathonhandbook.com/midsole-foams — 경년 열화
Doctors of Running. Footwear Science — An Evidenced Based Review of PEBAX and Carbon Fiber Shoes. doctorsofrunning.com — 학술 review
PMC. Nanocomposite Foams with Balanced Mechanical Properties and Energy Return from EVA and CNT. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9968182